引用
社會關係的類型和效應：台灣、美國、中國大陸的三地比較
Patterns and Effects of Social Relations: A Comparison of Taiwan, the United States and China
作者：林南（Nan Lin）、陳志柔（Chih-Jou Jay Chen）、傅仰止（Yang-Chih Fu） | 首次發表於 2020-06-04 | 第 45 期 December 2010
DOI：https://dx.doi.org/10.6786/TJS.201012_(45).0003
研究論文（Research Articles）
DOI：https://dx.doi.org/10.6786/TJS.201012_(45).0003
研究論文（Research Articles）
論文資訊 | Article information
摘要 Abstract
本文研究台灣、美國、中國大陸三地社會關係的不同模式，及由此導致個人獲取社會資本差異的影響過程。我們採取定位法（position generator）測量社會資本，並呈現社會關係在三個社會所呈現的模式差異，如親屬關係、工作關係、機構關係、朋友關係等。經濟結構（工業化及市場化）、文化與社會制度、政治經濟體制等因素，可能可以解釋這三地社會關係的類型差異以及因此導致的社會資本取得的過程。研究結果顯示：台灣、美國、中國大陸具有不同的社會關係類型。在美國，工作關係、朋友、親屬關係在個人的社會關係網絡中，基本上彼此分立、涇渭分明；其中，相較於工作和親屬關係，朋友關係對於獲取較好的社會資本有最強的作用。中國大陸的社會關係顯示多重關係交織的脈絡：朋友、親屬、同學、同鄉等關係相互交織，且值得注意的是，朋友並沒有成為獨立的社會關係類型。台灣的社會關係類型介於美中兩者之間：朋友是社會關係的獨立類屬，但還是和親屬關係存在某種程度的交集。研究資料顯示，經濟結構（工業化及市場化）的解釋觀點，相較於「文化／社會制度」或「政治經濟體制」的解釋，比較能解釋我們所呈現的社會關係類型及作用的跨社會差異。同時，它們也揭示了華人社會文化的持續影響力以及文化與社會變遷的緩慢過程。另外，本文也呈現華人社會的「關係」內涵以及「同質互動」（homophily）社會機制的影響力。
關鍵詞：社會資本、社會網絡、關係、跨國比較
關鍵詞：社會資本、社會網絡、關係、跨國比較
In this paper we examine how social relations show differential patterns and exert differential effects on accessing social capital in three societies: Taiwan, the United States, and China. Employing data from the position generator, a measure of social capital, we discerned different patterns of social relations in the three societies, such as kin ties, work ties, friends, and other ties. Three possible explanations are posed for assessing possible patterns of social relations and their effects on social capital across the three societies: economic structures (industrialization and marketization), socio- cultural institutions, and political-economic regimes. Our results indicate different patterns of social relations in the three societies. In the U.S., work ties, friends, kin ties, and other ties are distinctive types of social relations. Friends and other ties, rather than work ties or kin ties, exert stronger effects on accessing better social capital. In China, kin ties, friends, and other ties are interrelated, and share effects on accessing social capital. In Taiwan, kin ties, friends, and other ties still overlap but to a lesser extent than they exhibit in China, and the relative effect of kin ties on social capital, while still persisting, has eased up relative to the effects of work ties, friends, and other ties. We suggest that these patterns are more consistent with an economic-structure explanation than a socio-cultural or political-economic regime explanation. In addition to suggesting a slow but persistent process of cultural change, the data also shed light on the nature of guanxi in Chinese societies, and on the prevalence of the social principle of homophily transcending developmental or economic processes.
Keywords: social capital, social networks, guanxi, cross-national comparison
Keywords: social capital, social networks, guanxi, cross-national comparison
